Risk factors for textbook outcomes of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after hepatectomy / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors for textbook outcomes (TO) of intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) after hepatectomy.Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 155 ICC patients who underwent hepatectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from September 2014 to August 2019 were collected. There were 90 males and 65 females, aged 60(range, 26?82)years. Observation indicators: (1) treatment situations; (2) TO situations; (3) analysis of risk factors for postoperative TO. Follow-up was conducted using outpatient examination and telephone interview to detect postoperative sur-vival of patients up to October 2020. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the independent samples t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range), and comparison between groups was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the chi-square test, Yates' calibration chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival rates and draw survival curves. The Log-rank test was used for survival analysis. The univariate analysis was conducted using the corresponding statistical methods based on data type. The Logistic regression model was used for multivariate analysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used for evaluating the diagnostic value of indicators (the optimal cut-off value). Results:(1) Treatment situations. Of the 155 patients, 46 cases underwent minor hepatectomy and 109 cases underwent major hepatectomy. Twenty-one of the 155 patients underwent combined bile duct reconstruction. Ninety-five of the 155 patients underwent lymph node dissection, including 41 cases with positive lymph node by postoperative histopathological examinations. The operation time and volume of intraoperative blood loss of the 155 patients were 250.0(range, 95.0?720.0)minutes and 300.0(range, 50.0?15 000.0)mL, respectively. The optimal cut-off values of the operation time and volume of intraoperative blood loss for TO calculated by ROC curve were 247.5 minutes and 325.0 mL, respectively. Of the 155 patients, 44 cases received intraoperative blood transfusion and 10 cases received postoperative blood transfusion (5 cases with intraoperative and postoperative blood transfusion). Seventy-four of the 155 patients had postoperative complications, including 39 cases with mild complications and 35 cases with serious complications. The total duration of hospital stay of the 155 patients was 19 (range, 8?77)days. (2) TO situations. Of the 155 patients, 150 cases achieved R 0 resection, 120 cases had no major postoperative complications, 106 cases had no perioperative blood transfusion, 79 cases had no prolonged duration of hospital stay, 152 cases had no death within postoperative 30 days and 150 cases had no readmission within 30 days after discharge. Of the 155 patients, 56 cases achieved postoperative TO, while 99 patients did not achieve TO. (3) Analysis of risk factors for postoperative TO. Results of univariate analysis showed that preoperative biliary drainage, preoperative Child-Pugh grading of liver function, preoperative asymp-tomatic leukocytosis, preoperative total bilirubin, preoperative alkaline phosphatase, preoperative CA19-9, preoperative CA125, operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, tumor diameter, pathological T staging and pathological N staging were related factors for preoperative TO of ICC patients undergoing hepatectomy ( χ2=4.31, 4.31, 4.38, 4.80, Z=?4.15, χ2=10.74, 15.44, 16.59, 27.53, 6.53, 6.77, 9.26, P<0.05). Bile duct reconstruction was also a related factor for postoperative TO of ICC patients ( P<0.05). Results of multivariate analysis showed that preoperative biliary drainage, preoperative asymptomatic leukocytosis, preoperative CA19-9 >35 U/mL, preoperative CA125 >35 U/mL and volume of intraoperative blood loss >325.0 mL were independent risk factors for postoperative TO of ICC patients undergoing hepatectomy ( odds ratio=74.77, 11.73, 2.40,4.86, 6.42, 95% confidence intervals as 1.80?113.39, 1.19?115.54, 1.04?5.53, 1.78?13.26, 2.41?17.11, P<0.05). Conclusions:Preoperative biliary drainage, preoperative asymptomatic leukocytosis, preoperative CA19-9 >35 U/mL, preoperative CA125 >35 U/mL and volume of intraoperative blood loss >325.0 mL are independent risk factors for postoperative TO of ICC patients undergoing hepatectomy.

Pay attention to strictly grasp the surgical indications and choose reasonable treatment for benign diseases of biliary tract / 中华消化外科杂志

Benign diseases of biliary tract are common in daily clinical practice. With the widely application of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), it has become the preferred therapeutic procedure for benign gallbladder diseases. Though a large number of patients receive LC annually, many cases do not achieve the desired outcome and suffer various complications after operation. Surgical indications of benign diseases of biliary tract should be strictly grasped, as well as choosing reasonable treatment methods, to achieve the desired treatment outcome and reduce complications. Though it is still a challenge for preoperative accurate diagnosis of benign diseases of biliary tract, efforts should be made to adopt various diagnostic methods to achieve accurate diagnosis and reasonable surgical treatments, and to avoid unreasonable and extensive operation. The author introduce the diagnosis and treatment of several common benign diseases of biliary tract based on relevant literatures and practical experience, so as to provide reference for surgical colleagues.

Effect of different holmium laser fiber on regional temperature during lithotripsy with pediatric ureteroscope / 中华泌尿外科杂志

In order to assess the thermal effect of different holmium laser fiber during lithotripsy with WOLF F4.5/6.5 pediatric ureteroscope, we established an impacted ureter calculi model. Under 100mmHg irrigation pressure, regional temperature of different holmium laser fiber with varied working time and power were recorded. We found that the regional temperature was related with laser fiber diameters, power and working time settings. With 550 μm laser fiber, laser firing time longer than 3 s or 365 μm laser fiber firing more than 6 s, regional temperature exceeded 42℃, which would bring thermal injury towards ureter and subsequently cause ureter stricture.

Risk factor analysis of early complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy / 国际外科学杂志

Objective@#To analyse of risk factors for early complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy.@*Methods@#Retrospective analysis of 280 cases of pancreaticoduodenectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University from January 1999 to October 2009, including 175 males and 105 females; the average age was 57 years, the range is 19 to 81 years old. Observe the perioperative condition and postoperative complications of the patient. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze risk factors associated with early postoperative complications.@*Results@#Among the 280 patients, 81.1% had preoperative jaundice with obstructive jaundice, the median operation time was 5.5 h. the intraoperative blood loss was (558.0±35.0) ml, 16 patients underwent multiple organ resection. The total postoperative complications was 31.1%. Common postoperative complications were abdominal infection/abscess (10.4%), hemorrhage (7.1%), and pancreatic fistula (2.1%). The pancreaticoenterostomy was mainly performed with a nested end-to-end anastomosis (87.1%) and a bundled pancreaticojejunostomy (7.9%). Logistic regression analysis showed that age, comorbidity, jaundice, preoperative yellowing, pancreatic texture, pancreatic duct placement, prophylactic application of somatostatin, combined organ resection and pancreaticojejunostomy were not predictor of major postoperative complications.@*Conclusions@#The incidence of early abdominal complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy is high. There is no significant correlation between the common risk factors in perioperative period and the occurrence of serious complications in the early postoperative period.

Risk factor analysis of early complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy / 国际外科学杂志

Objective To analyse of risk factors for early complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy.Methods Retrospective analysis of 280 cases of pancreaticoduodenectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital,Sun Yat-sen University from January 1999 to October 2009,including 175 males and 105 females;the average age was 57 years,the range is 19 to 81 years old.Observe the perioperative condition and postoperative complications of the patient.Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze risk factors associated with early postoperative complications.Results Among the 280 patients,81.1％ had preoperative jaundice with obstructive jaundice,the median operation time was 5.5 h.the intraoperative blood loss was (558.0 ± 35.0) ml,16 patients underwent multiple organ resection.The total postoperative complications was 31.1％.Common postoperative complications were abdominal infection/abscess (10.4％),hemorrhage (7.1％),and pancreatic fistula (2.1％).The pancreaticoenterostomy was mainly performed with a nested end-to-end anastomosis (87.1％) and a bundled pancreaticojejunostomy (7.9％).Logistic regression analysis showed that age,comorbidity,jaundice,preoperative yellowing,pancreatic texture,pancreatic duct placement,prophylactic application of somatostatin,combined organ resection and pancreaticojejunostomy were not predictor of major postoperative complications.Conclusions The incidence of early abdominal complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy is high.There is no significant correlation between the common risk factors in perioperative period and the occurrence of serious complications in the early postoperative period.

Risk factors analysis of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.Methods The retrospective case-control study was conducted.The clinicopathological data of 310 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University between January 2011 and December 2015 were collected.Observation indicators:(1) follow-up situations;(2) risk factors analysis of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectorny.Follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed to detect occurrence of pancreatic fistula and pancreatic fistula-induced rehospitalization or death up to June 2016.The univariate and multivariate analyses were respectively done using the chi-square test and logistic regression model.Results (1) Follow-up situations:310 patients were followed up for 6-60 months,with a median time of 31 months.During the follow-up,65 patients were complicated with pancreatic fistula,including 59 in grade B and 6 in grade C.Twenty-four patients received conservative treatment,and 41 received B ultrasound-guided catheter drainage.Of 65 patients,63 were improved and then discharged form hospital;2 in grade C of pancreatic fistula died of pancreatic fistula-related complications.(2) Risk factors analysis of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy:univariate analysis showed that combined hypertension,cases with pancreaticoduodenectomy,operation time and pancreaticojejunostomy method were related factors affecting pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy (x2 =5.986,13.006,9.025,21.561,P＜0.05).The multivariate analysis showed that combined hypertension,operation time ＞ 6 hours and end-to-end telescopic pancreaticojejunostomy or biuding pancreaticojejunostomy were independent risk factors affecting pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy (Odds ratio =2.465,1.880,2.719,6.190,95％ confidence interval:1.253-4.850,1.025-3.448,1.254-5.894,2.309-16.592,P＜0.05).Conclusion The combined hypertension,operation time ＞ 6 hours and end-to-end telescopic pancreaticojejunostomy or binding pancreaticojejunostomy are independent risk factors affecting pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

The prognosis prediction value of the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective To compare the prognosis prediction value of the 8th edition with the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods A total of 311 HCC patients after hepatectomy were retrospectively analysed.Patients were staged according to both the 7th edition (TNM-7) and 8th edition (TNM-8) AJCC TNM staging criteria.The survival rates were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods.Multivariate analysis was assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.The predictive ability of staging systems was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under curve (AUC).Results When stratified according to the TNM-7 system,the overall survival(OS) of stage T1 was higher than that of stage T2,stage T2 higher than stage T3a,however,the 5-year OS rates of stage T4 (16.7％) was higher than those of stage T3a (14.3％) and T3b(10.9％).The difference in survival was significant between stages T1 and stage T3a,T3b,T4 (all P ＜0.05),and that between stages T2 and stage T3b,T4 (all P ＜0.05).When stratified according to the TNM-8 system,the survival rates decreased as the T stage going high.OS rates vary significantly between stagesT1a and stageT3,T4 (P =0.004,0.001),between stage T1b and stage T3,T4 (both P ＜ 0.001),and between stage T2 and stage T4 (P =0.009).The difference in disease free survival (DFS) rates was significant between stages T1a,T1b,T2 and stage T3,T4 (all P ＜0.01).Finally,the area under ROC of TNM-8 is bigger than that of TNM-7.Conclusions Compared with TNM-7 staging,new TNM-8 staging can predict more accurately the prognosis of patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma.

Surgical timing for complex bile duct injury / 临床外科杂志

Complicated bile duct injury greatly affects quality of patients' life and even threatens their life safety because it is difficult to be recognized and reconstructed,also with the poor surgical effect.Regarding to the surgical timing of complicated bile duct injury,it still have a big controversy.Here we would discuss the timing of surgeries for bile duct injury.We consider that it should be reconstructed when it is recognized during operation,even converted to laparotomy for laparoscopic surgeries.About postoperative cases,we think that it should be operated to explore damage range and reconstruct for those cases found within 48 hours and without obvious infection.However,reconstruction should be performed after 6 weeks for those found after 48 hours or with biliary duct infection.

"Basic principle of ""Relieve obstruction, Remove lesions,Build unobstructed drainage"" for hepatolithiasis" / 中华消化外科杂志

Hepatolithiasis is a benign disease but seriously threatening human health.The academician Huang Zhiqiang came up with the therapeutic principle ofRelieve obstruction,Remove lesions,Build unobstructed drainage for the disease.He kept emphasizing that removal of lesions is the key link in the treatment of hepatolithiasis,and advocating to earlier diagnosis,earlier surgical resection,less bilioenteric anastomosis.Until today,numerous hepatobiliary surgeons treat hepatolithiasis following his principle.We could get a better understanding and comprehension to the academician Huang's outstanding contribution for biliary surgery through reading his discussion of therapeutic principle for hepatolithiasis.The academician Huang deserves the title of the Father of Chinese Biliary Surgery.

Distribution of 5-FU in rat hepatoma, liver tissue and plasma after locoregional infusion / 中国癌症杂志

Background and purpose: Locoregional infusion chemotherapy such as hepatic artery, or hepaticportal vein infusion is one of the most important treatments for hepatocelluar carcinoma. This study was aimed to investigate the distribution of fluorouracil(5-FU) in rat hepatoma, liver tissue and plasma after administrated by caudal vein or locoregional routes of hepatic artery, hepaticportal vein, and hepaticportal vein with ligated hepatic artery. Methods:Twenty-four tumor-bearing rats were divided into 4 groups randomly, and they were infused with 5-FU through peripheral vein(caudal vein), hepatic artery, hepaticportal vein or hepaticportal vein with ligated hepatic artery, which dose was 20 mg/kg. High performance liquid chromatography was adopted to measure the content of 5-FU in hepatoma, liver tissue and plasma, and the drug penetration rate among them were calculated. Results:The group of hepaticportal vein with ligated hepatic artery reached the highest concentrations of 5-FU in live tissue and hepatoma, which concentrations were (22.1±9.5)μg/g and (16.4±7.2)μg/g. Then was the hepatic artery group, and the concentration of the hepaticportal vein group in the hepatoma focus was much smaller than the former 2 groups, which was (8.9±3.7)μg/g. The peripheral vein group got the lowest concentrations both in the liver tissue and hepatoma, which were (9.4±3.7) and (4.3±2.2)μg/g. The concentrations of 5-FU in the plasma in the peripheral vein group, the hepatic artery group, the group of hepaticportal vein with ligated hepatic artery and the hepaticportal vein group were (26.8±12.5), (16.4±9.7), (15.9±10.1) and (14.9±8.5)μg/mL, which indicated that the drug concentrations of the latter 3 groups were much lower than the former group. The hepatoma/plasma penetration rate of 5-FU in the group of hepaticportal vein with ligated hepatic artery, the hepatic artery group, the hepaticportal vein group and the peripheral vein group were 103.47%, 92.94%, 59.58% and 16.08%. Conclusion: Compared to the peripheral venous bolus injection, locoregional infusion could significantly increase the concentrations of chemotherapy agent in hepatoma focus and liver tissue, and decrease the drug distributions in peripheral blood. And the infusion through hepaticportal vein with ligated hepatic artery and through hepatic artery reaches higher concentrations in the hepatoma focuses, which indicate that they are 2 practical and promising routes for the locoregional chemotherapy of hepatoma.

Expression and clinical significance of bone morphogenetic protein 3 in hi-lar cholangiocarcinoma tissues / 中国病理生理杂志

[ ABSTRACT ] AIM: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP3) in hilar cholangiocarcinoma tissues.METHODS: Thirty cases of hilar cholangiocarcinoma specimens were col-lected.The expression of BMP3 at mRNA and protein levels in the tumor tissues and paracancerous tissues was detected by real-time PCR and Western blot.The hilar cholangiocarcinoma paraffin-embedded specimens (n=103) were collected. The protein expression of BMP3 was determined by immunohistochemical method, and the relationship of BMP3 protein ex-pression with clinical pathological characteristics was evaluated.RESULTS:In the 30 patients with hilar cholangiocarcino-ma, the expressions of BMP3 protein and mRNA in 22 cases of tumor tissues were significantly decreased compared with the adjacent normal tissues.The results of immunohistochemistry showed that 87 cases were negative and 16 cases were weakly positive in all 103 cases of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.The expression of BMP3 protein was associated with the tumor TNM staging, lymph node metastasis and tumor differentiation (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:BMP3 gene might be inhibited in human hilar cholangiocarcinoma.The down-regulation of BMP3 gene might be associated with the carcinogenesis and devel-opment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Experimental study on concentrations and pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in bile and evaluation of their microbicidal potential / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the concentrations and pharmacokinetics of 6 different kinds of antibiotics in rabbit bile, and evaluate their microbicidal potential.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-six health rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups, and each group was 6 rabbits. After anaesthesia, the common bile duct of rabbit was isolated and cumulated with a silicone tube. The rabbits were administered intravenously with the equal-effect dose of antibiotics. Bile (1.5 ml) was collected at different time points after administration, and the concentration of antibiotics of bile was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. The bile drug concentration-time data were processed by software to figure out the pharmacokinetic parameters such as maximum concentration (C(max)), peak time (T(max)), half-life time (T(1/2)), clearance (CL) and apparent volume of distribution (VD). The bile antibiotics concentration contrasted to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and attained the bactericidal index (C(max)/MIC) and the time when the drug concentration exceeded the MIC (T(>MIC)).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The C(max) and T1/2 of each antibiotic were as the followings: piperacillin (7 950 ± 3 023) mg/L and (1.97 ± 1.23) h, ceftriaxone (1 104 ± 248) mg/L and (3.14 ± 0.57) h, cefoperazone (5 215 ± 2 225) mg/L and (0.89 ± 0.13) h, meropenem (31.97 ± 12.44) mg/L and (0.36 ± 0.11) h, levofloxacin (66.3 ± 36.9) mg/L and (3.32 ± 2.57) h, metronidazole (28.2 ± 10.2) mg/L and (0.81 ± 0.33) h, respectively. Piperacillin/tazobactam and cefoperazone/sulbactam had the largest bactericidal index and the longest T(>MIC), and their bactericidal indexes were (62.1 ± 23.6) - (993.8 ± 377.9) and (164.8 ± 69.0) - (659.3 ± 275.9), their T(>MIC) were (6.00 ± 2.53) - (8.00 ± 0.00) h and (6.33 ± 1.97) - (8.00 ± 0.00) h. The bactericidal index and T(>MIC) of levofloxacin were the smallest, which were (2.1 ± 1.2) - (8.3 ± 4.6) and (0.54 ± 0.25) - (2.67 ± 1.03) h . Ceftriaxone and meropenem were as the medium, and their bactericidal indexes and T(>MIC) were (4.3 ± 1.0) - (69.2 ± 15.5) , (1.42 ± 0.65) - (8.00 ± 0.00) h and (2.0 ± 0.8) - (1 031.3 ± 401.4) , (0.29 ± 0.10) - (1.83 ± 0.26) h. The bactericidal index of metronidazole to anaerobic ranged from 7.4 to 294.9, and the T(>MIC) ranged from 1.88 to 5.00 h.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The bile concentrations of six antibiotics all exceed their effective bactericidal concentrations. The concentration-time curves of piperacillin, cefoperazone, meropenem and metronidazole conformed to one-compartment model, and ceftriaxone and levofloxacin are conformed to two-compartment model. Piperacillin/tazobactam and cefoperazone/sulbactam have the largest bactericidal index and the longest T(>MIC), so they can be chosen as the first choice for the therapy of hepatobiliary infection.For the anaerobic, the microbicidal potential of metronidazole is high.</p>

Analysis of complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To investigate the complications and the risk factors of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.Methods The clinical data of 339 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from January 2000 to Decembcr 2009 were retrospectively analyzed.The risk factors of pancreatic fistula were analyzed.The incidences of complications accured from 2000 to 2004 and from 2005 to 2009 were compared.All data were analyzed by the t test,chi-square test,Fisher exact probability or Logistic regression model.Results The incidence of complications of all patients was 33.0％ ( 112/339),and the incidence of pancreatic fistula was 8.6％ (29/339).Of the 29 patients complicated with pancreatic fistula,6 patients were in grade A,8 in grade B and 15 in grade C.Soft texture of remnant pancreas and the diameter of pancreatic duct smaller than 3 mm were the independent risk factors of pancreatic fistula( OR =1.75,3.75,P ＜ 0.05 ).The number of hospital death was 12,including 1 patient died during the first period (2000-2004) and 11 patients died during the second period (2005-2009).Three patients died of pancreatic fistula and abdominal hemorrhage,3 died of postoperative upper gastrointesitnal bleeding,2 died of cardiac insufficiency,1 died of respiratory failure,1 died of pancreatic fistula,abdominal infection and necrotic pancreatitis,1 died of abdominal hemorrhage and hepatic and renal failure,1 died of bililary fistula,abdominal infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.Conclusions Soft texture of remnant pancreas and the diameter of the pancreatic duct smaller than 3 mm are important risk factors of postoperative pancreatic fistula.Pancreatic fistula is the main factor causing death after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Expression and clinical significance of hepatocyte growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor in pancreatic cancer / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To determine the clinical significance of hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Met) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the clinicopathology and prognosis of pancreatic cancer.Methods 70 patients admitted with pancreatic cancer from 1995 to 2005 were retrospectively analyzed with clinicopathological and follow-up data.Expression of Met and EGFR in cancer nest embedded with paraffin were detected by immunohislostaining (EnVision method) and correlation with clinicopathologic parameters and mutual correlation between these two receptors were further analyzed.Prognosis and related risk factors were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis,respectively.Results Both Met and EGFR significantly correlated with TNM staging,tumor size and superior mesenteric vessels invasion (P＜0.05).Expression level of Met positively correlated with that of EGFR (r9 =0.658,P＜0.05).Both Met and EGFR significantly correlated with patients' survival (P＜0.05) and Met was an independent prognostic risk factor for pancreatic cancer.Conclusions Both Met and EGFR significantly affect development and prognosis of pancreatic cancer and correlate with each other.Simultaneously targeting both Met and EGFR pathways may provide an advisable strategy of targeted therapy in pancreatic cancer.

A single surgeon's experience of pancreaticoduodenectomy on 169 patients / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To investigate the complications and the risk factors for pancreatic leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy.Methods One hundred and sixty-nine patients who received pancreaticoduodenectomy in our hospital between January 2000 and December 2009 were reviewed.Chisquare and logistic statistic analysis were performed to determine the risk factors for pancreatic leakage.The difference in complication rates between different periods were analyzed.Results The mortality was 2.4％.The morbidity was 34.9％,and the pancreatic leakage rate was 7.7％.Logistic analysis revealed significant risk factors for pancreatic leakage included intraoperative bleeding of more than 400 ml(OR=2.87; 95％ confidence interval:1.17-8.19; P=0.048),soft texture of remnant pancreas(OR =1.95 ; 95 ％ confidence interval:0.87-6.19 ； P =0.032)and pancreatic duct diameter smaller than 3 mm(OR=3.78 ; 95 ％ confidence interval:1.01-10.63 ； P =0.019).There was no significant difference in mortality,morbidity,pancreatic leakage,and upper gastric bleeding between the periods 2000-2004 and 2005-2009.However,re-operation rate and postoperative hospital stay were significantly higher in the period of 2005-2009.Conclusions Intraoperative bleeding,soft texture of remnant pancreas and pancreatic duct diameter smaller than 3mm were significant risk factors for postoperative pancreatic leakage.A pancreaticojejunostomy anastomotic technique familiar to the surgeon might reduce postoperative pancreatic leakage.

Effects of ω-3 fish oil emulsion on inflammation and coagulation function of hepatocellular carcinoma patients after partial hepatectomy / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of ω-3 fatty acids on inflammation and coagulation function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after partial hepatectomy.Methods In this prospective randomized controlled trial,80 HCC patients were randomly divided into two groups based on the parenteral nutrition (PN) scheme that was provided 5 days after partial hepatectomy:fish oil group:20％ fish oil and 80％ mediumlong fatty acid; and control group:100％ medium-long fatty acid.The inflammation,liver function,blood coagulation indicators,and prognosis were compared between two groups.Results After 3 days of hepatectomy,the serum C-reactive protein levels in the control and fish oil groups were (119.6 ± 57.3) mg/L and (97.1 ± 46.1) mg/L(P =0.016),respectively; and on day 6 after surgery,C-reactive protein levels of two groups were (54.9 ± 26.1)and (40.7 ±21.8) mg/L,respectively (P =0.018).The plasma fibrinogen level in the fish oil group was significantly lower than that in the control group 3 days [(3.4 ± 1.1) vs.(4.1 ± 1.3) g/L,P ＜ 0.001] and 6 days [(3.3 ± 0.9) vs.(3.8 ± 1.2) g/L,P ＜ 0.001] after surgery.The retention rate of indocyanine green at 15 minutes on the 7th postoperative day were 8.6％ ±4.9％ and 9.2％ ±7.3％ in the control and fish oil groups,respectively (P=0.179).The recurrent rate (40.63％ vs.44.12％,x2 =0.082,P =0.774) and survival rate in the fish oil and control groups (90.62％ vs.88.24％,x2 ＜0.001,P =1.000) also showed no significant difference after 6 months of follow-up.Conclusion ω-3 fish oil emulsion can reduce postoperative inflammatory response and prevent thrombosis.

Expression of DNA methyltransferases in hilar cholangiocarcinoma and its clinical significance / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To investigate the expression of DNA methyltransferases ( DNMTs) in hilar cholangiocarcinoma and its clinical significance.Methods A total of 150 samples of cholangetic tissues were collected from 111 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma ( cholangiocarcinoma group) and 39 patients with choledochocele ( control group) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from April 1997 to March 2007.A tissue chip containing the samples of hilar cholangiocarcinoma and choledochocele was prepared.Expressions of DNMT1,DNMT3a and DNMT3b were detected by the immunohistochemical staining. Differences in the protein expressions of DNMTs in the cholangiocarcinoma group and the control group were compared,and the correlation between DNMTs protein expressions and clinicopathological features was analyzed.All data were analyzed by using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability.The survival curve was drawn by using the Kaplan-Meier method and the survival rate was compared by using the Log-rank test.Results The rates of high protein expressions of DNMT1 and DNMT3b were 54.1％ (60/111) and 47.7％ (53/111) in the cholangiocarcinoma group, which were significantly higher than 28.2％ ( 11/39) and 23.1％ ( 9/39) in the control group　( x2 =7.740,7.240,P ＜0.05). The high protein expression of DNMT1 was correlated with-the Bismuth-Corlette classification and T staging of the tumor ( x2 =12.200, 17.800,P ＜0.05) ; there was no significant difference in the high protein expressions of DNMT3a in the cholangiocarcinoma group and the control group ( x2 =3.370.P ＞0.05 ) ; while the high protein expressions of DNMT3b was correlated with the Bismuth-Corlette classification (x2 =8.300,P ＜ 0.05 ),but not with the T staging. Sixty-six patients received hilar cholangiocarcinoma resection,and 42 of them were followed up.The median postoperative survival time of patients with low protein expression of DNMT1 was 23.9 months,which was significantly longer than 11.8 months of patients with high protein expression of DNMT1 (x2 =3.980,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions DNMT1 and DNMT3b with high protein expression might play important roles in the carcinogenesis and development of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.There is an obvious relationship between the expression of DNMT1 and postoperative survival time of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma,and DNMT1 might be a valuable prognostic factor for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Causes and counter measures of reoperation for biliary diseases / 中华消化外科杂志

The reoperation for biliary diseases is usually unplanned, and the major reasons leading to this situation include:(1) The initial operation was performed under emergency situation and radical procedure could not be carried out.(2) The surgical procedure was inadequate.( 3 ) The operator was unqualified for the operation. In order to avoid repeated operations,the following principles must be obeyed strictly.Firstly,once the initial operation was failed,the patients must be transferred to large medical center and the reoperation must be performed by hepatobiliary specialists.Secondly,the operator must realize that most of the patients were in poor condition because of the previous operation,and they needed careful evaluation of organ function and adequate supportive treatment before reoperation.Thirdly,various measures must be taken to avoid unplanned operation and ensure the successful implement of radical operation at a time:( 1 ) Operator must learn all the details of previous operation,which include operation procedure,findings during operation and postoperative complications.( 2 ) Cholangiogram of the whole biliary tree is important for surgical planning,ultrasonography,computed tomography (CT),endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC),or PTC-CT should be performed solely or comprehensively to determine the nature and location of lesions.For bile duct injury,additional examination including CT angiography,magnetic resonance angiography or digital subtraction angiography is necessary to ascertain the accompanied vessel injury.(3) Making individual surgical procedure according to patien's condition and distribution of lesions.

Application of a three-dimensional operation planning system for precise hepatectomy in patients with giant hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华消化外科杂志

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of a three-dimensional (3 D) operation planning system for precise hepatectomy in patients with giant hcpatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsThe clinical data of 34 patients with giant HCC who received precise hepatectomy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from May 2009 to May 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.Preoperative evaluation was done based on the computed tomography data,and the resection margin and the volume of resectcd liver were calculated using simulation.The predicted resected liver volume and resection margins were compared with the results of the actual operations.All data were analyzed using the t test,and the correlation between predicted and the actual values was analyzed by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients.Results Hepatic and tumor tissues and the hepatic vessels were reconstructed three-dimensionally using the 3D preoperative simulation software.The volume of simulated resected liver and the length of resection margin were ( 2112 ± 1550 ) ml and ( 12 ± 6) mm,respectively,while the volume of actual resected liver and the length of resection margin were (2031 ± 1411 )ml and ( 12 ± 6)mm,respectively.The predicted and the actual values were statistically correlated ( r =0.961,0.923,P ＜ 0.05 ).There was no significant difference between the predicted and the actual values ( t =1.549,1.143,P ＞ 0.05 ).All patients received precise hepatectomy,and no hepatic failure or death was observed. Conclusion The 3D operation planning system can accurately evaluate the condition of the liver and simulate hepatectomy,and could contribute to safer and more curative precise hepatectomy in patients with giant HCC.

Preoperative management of patients with suspected gallbladder cancer / 中华消化外科杂志

Gallbladder cancer is a disease associated with high mortality. Improvement of early diagnosis is of great significance to prolong the survival. Risk factors for gallbladder cancer include gallstones, cholelithiasis, anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction, focal mucosal microcalcifications, and et al.Advances in endoscopic ultrasonography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatogram and helical computed tomography have enhanced preoperative diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. Understanding the characteristics of gallbladder cancer with the help of multiple imaging modalities can facilitate accurate diagnosis and may also help in sorting patients to undergo extended resection or an alternative therapy. Resection is currently the most effective and only potentially curative treatment for gallbladder cancer.However, owing to its non-specific symptoms, gallbladder cancer patients often suffer from late diagnosis, and few patients are suitable for surgery. Other treatment strategies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, percutaneous biliary drainage, palliative surgery are used in patients with advanced gallbladder cancer.For jaundiced gallbladder cancer patients, preoperative biliary drainage is still under debate. Since biliary inflammation adversely affects the prognosis of gallbladder cancer patients,antibiotics with high concentration in bile is recommended for selected patients. Palliative treatment and molecular target therapy are promising for patients with inoperable gallbladder cancer.